Abzug von Refinanzierungszinsen für notleidende Gesellschafterdarlehen
BFH-Urteil vom 24.10.2017 VIII R 19/16
Verzichtet ein Gesellschafter unter der auflösenden Bedingung der Besserung der wirtschaftlichen Lage der Gesellschaft auf sein Gesellschafterdarlehen, um deren Eigenkapitalbildung und Ertragskraft zu stärken, sind bei ihm weiterhin anfallende Refinanzierungszinsen nicht als Werbungskosten im Zusammenhang mit früheren Zinseinkünften abziehbar, wie der BFH mit Urteil vom 24.10.2017 VIII R 19/16 entschieden hat. Die nunmehr durch die Beteiligungserträge veranlassten Refinanzierungszinsen sind vielmehr nur auf Antrag zu 60 % als Werbungskosten abziehbar.
Nimmt für die Veranlassungszeiträume ab 2009 ein mindestens zu 10 % am Stammkapital beteiligter Gesellschafter einer Kapitalgesellschaft ein Darlehen bei einer Bank auf, um selbst ein verzinsliches Gesellschafterdarlehen an die Kapitalgesellschaft auszureichen, sind die Schuldzinsen für das Refinanzierungsdarlehen grundsätzlich als Werbungskosten durch die Erträge aus dem Gesellschafterdarlehen (§ 20 Abs. 1 Nr. 7 EStG) veranlasst. Diese Werbungskosten können ohne die Beschränkungen des ansonsten geltenden Werbungskostenabzugsverbots (§ 20 Abs. 9, 2. Halbsatz EStG) bei den tariflich besteuerten Kapitaleinkünften des Gesellschafters abgezogen werden (§ 32d Abs. 2 Nr. 1 Satz 1 Buchst. b Satz 1, § 32d Abs. 2 Nr. 1 Satz 2 EStG). Dies gilt, wie der BFH jetzt klargestellt hat, auch, wenn die Kapitalgesellschaft die geschuldeten Zins- und Tilgungszahlungen aus dem Gesellschafterdarlehen nicht erbringt.
Verzichtet der Gesellschafter aber gegenüber der Kapitalgesellschaft auf sein Gesellschafterdarlehen gegen Besserungsschein, kann dies für Schuldzinsen, die auf das Refinanzierungsdarlehen gezahlt werden, bis zum Eintritt des Besserungsfalls zu einem Wechsel des Veranlassungszusammenhangs der Aufwendungen weg von den Kapitalerträgen aus dem Gesellschafterdarlehen hin zu den Beteiligungserträgen gem. § 20 Abs. 1 Nr. 1 EStG führen. Ein solcher Wechsel des Veranlassungszusammenhangs tritt insbesondere ein, wenn der Gesellschafter durch den Verzicht auf Zins- und Tilgungsansprüche aus dem Gesellschafterdarlehen die Eigenkapitalbildung und Ertragskraft der Gesellschaft stärken will. Der Wechsel des Veranlassungszusammenhangs hat zur Folge, dass die Schuldzinsen aus dem Refinanzierungsdarlehen nunmehr dem Werbungskostenabzugsverbot des § 20 Abs. 9, 2. Halbsatz EStG unterliegen.
Um wenigstens 60 % der Refinanzierungszinsen abziehen zu können, muss der Gesellschafter spätestens mit Abgabe der Einkommensteuerveranlagung für das Jahr des Forderungsverzichts gem. § 32d Abs. 2 Nr. 3 EStG die Anwendung des sog. Teileinkünfteverfahrens (§§ 3 Nr. 40, 3c Abs. 2 EStG) für die Dividenden aus der Kapitalgesellschaft und die damit im Zusammenhang stehenden Werbungskosten beantragen, was im Streitfall nicht erfolgt war. Dies sollte zur Vermeidung von Nachteilen in der Sanierungspraxis bedacht werden.
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